What have I been doing this break

What have I been doing this break Well, Ive been sleeping a lot. I dont really understand why, during term, my body cant normally sleep more than 8.5 hours in a night even if it pulled an all-nighter the night before, and considers 7 hours peachy keen and 6 hours adequate, but as soon as terms done and I leave town, it considers itself deprived on less than 8.5 hours per night, and prefers 9 or 9.5. Ah, the mysteries of life. Also, during term, my body is pretty happy with perhaps one snack, one sizeable meal, and one dessert most days occasionally two meals and/or no dessert but when Im in Kentucky or Georgia it wants three decent-sized meals a day, at regular intervals, plus some snacking. Anyway, other than sleeping and eating, I have: Played with my eight year-old brother Watched most of the complete series of Firefly, which I got for Christmas, with my sister Seen King Kong with my brother (the same brother as above, though I have a few of them) Reread lots of books that I havent read in a long time Attended my dads wedding and acquired a stepbrother, stepsister, and stepbrother-in-law Seen (and lived in, for a few days) my dad and stepmothers huge new house in Woodstock, Georgia, a town which appears to be half farms and half subdivisions of very large houses Gone out to eat at an expensive steakhouse (after the wedding) Learned to play a card game called Hands Feet Considered what classes I will take next term and preregistered Sent lots of emails and applications about future UROPs and summer internships Discussed a team name with my MASLab team Enjoyed the weather. Well, most of the weather (see below) Nearly been caught in a tornado with my sister while on a walk, which is to say that the tornado touched down perhaps two or three miles away, and we got very wet, and my sisters umbrella got mostly destroyed Things I still intend to do before I return to campus: Send more emails and applications about UROPs and internships Go through some of the MASLab tutorials so that I can be useful to the team once I get back in town and IAP starts Visit my old high school Watch the rest of Firefly But in the meantime, you guys had questions. Here are some answers: Tom asked: I was wondering, do you know anything about transfer applications? I am a sophomore in college right now and would like to transfer to MIT for their electrical engineering program but am not sure how many transfer applicants get in and what the admissions office is looking in a transfer applicant. Thanks. To answer this, I contacted a close friend who was accepted to MIT as a transfer. Heres what she said: Its effectively the same as the normal application, but there arent any interviews. You can also submit supplemental information, like a resume. Also, make sure you send your SAT scores early so you arent saddled with paying $30 for express sending! The rate of acceptance for transfers is very low, but it can be done. Aidan asked: How much will we be at a disadvantage if we come to MIT after going to a pretty crappy high school? I went to a very rural, very public school in the middle of nowhere. My school graduate only about 60% of its students; most people end up dropping out and working or joing the army. I was accepted early action at MIT mainly because I think of some of my accomplishments as a pianist but Im still worried that I wont be able to compete academically. You know, I cant speak for the people who selected you, but its also possible you were admitted in part because of the intelligence and character it shows to be able to succeed academically against such odds. :) Anyway, Ive observed that your situation isnt as uncommon as you might think. For an elite school, MIT gets a pretty good number of first-generation college kids, poor kids from poor school districts, and others who might be at a disadvantage. As Matt once said, MIT is an elite institution, but it doesnt feel as . . . elite. Its more blue-collar. More people here went to public school. Part of the purpose of first term pass/no record grading is to give the kids who havent had the strongest backgrounds a chance to catch up with relatively little academic pressure. Many of the typically freshman classes also offer tutoring for those who are struggling. By the time you get beyond those classes, your lack of background should matter less. Lets say, just for the hell of it, that you decide to major in electrical engineering. Very few, if any, of your classmates will have had previous coursework in signals systems, digital electronics, or device physics. Or lets say you go into my department you dont really think that even a top high school would be likely to have classes in developmental neurobiology or sensation and perception, or even basic neuroscience at MITs level? What you will have to do is learn how to study and be challeged. But most of your classmates, regardless of background, will be going through the same thing. Shankar asked: i also want to come to mit will u help me[?] Well, I hope that my blog is doing that. :) Feel free to send me specific questions. Mridul asked: Can you please increase the size of the font on your blog for comfortable reading or better still, use html code which makes the font size larger on click like on this website: http://sunenergyworld.blogspot.com I would be delighted to use HTML code which makes the font size larger on click, but my HTML skills are not very good and I dont know how to write such code. I see that the website you linked to is your blog if you could send me a copy of the code you used, Id be happy to implement it. Christina asked, in reference to this post: The unicycle is YOURS? I saw somebody attempting to ride it, but I have no idea who it was. Yes, its mine. I taught myself to ride it in the cobblestone alley behind the apartment that we lived in right after my parents got divorced and my mom moved us from Georgia to Kentucky (in 1997). And finally, Molls asked: Hall rush? Sounds interesting. I may be alone among the MIT wannabess, but Im clueless about this, beyond what I could infer from your post. Please enlighten us! Heh. If youre a prefrosh, whether youre familiar with the concept of Hall Rush or not may depend on how long youve been reading this blog. As it happens, I have a multitude of old entries pertaining to Dorm Rush and Hall Rush Temp assignments and cautionary tales And its all beginning Images of Rush preparation Dorm Rush and Hall Rush Finding heritage at MIT If you missed these the first time around, I suggest going back and reading them. Dorm Rush and Hall Rush probably gives you the most general information about the system, though its a tough call. And I still think Finding heritage at MIT is one of my best-written entries.

Essay Chinese vs American Culture - 821 Words

Sarah Gonzalez Chinese Culture VS American Culture It doesn’t matter what kind of ethnicity you are, or how you were brought up. Everyone is deeply rooted in their own culture. â€Å"Culture† has a different meaning to everyone. Comparing American culture to Chinese culture we will find many different meanings to the word â€Å"culture†. For example, we Americans are always looking for something bigger and better for our future, and the Chinese are content with a small reserved lifestyle with no intentions of changing it for something bigger. A culture is a way of life of a group of people-the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and are passed along by communication and imitation from†¦show more content†¦Believe it or not, but American and Chinese culture do have something’s in common. They see eye-to-eye on some aspects. Like providing for their children â€Å"Parents work together for the well-being of their children† [Example from Article]. It is true that parents do the best they can to work towards a better financial life for their kids. That’s why many Chinese parents come over to the states, so that they can provide a better life, and a better education. They would also go to great lengths for their children no matter what the cause â€Å"Parents will risk their life for their children† [Example from Article]. Any parent would risk their life for their children no matter what ethnicity, or cultural aspect! There is no bond like a parent and their child. Chinese and American culture has a lot more differences than similarities. To the Chinese reputation of the individual is very important. If an action will humiliate someone or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices their job or whatever it is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. â€Å"Go to an American home in exurbia, and almost the first thing you do is drift towards the picture window† [Example from American space, Chinese Place]. It is true that we American’s always want something more than what we have in front of us. We are always looking forward to the big picture of ourShow MoreRelatedEssay on Chinese Culture vs. Western and American Culture3118 Words   |  13 Pages Chinese Culture vs. Western and American Culture There are many different aspects on Ancient Chinese culture that differ from Western and American culture. Many things such as education, marriage, and community type can be different from what we have in our Western civilization. Although Chinese culture has evolved through many, many years some ancient traditions still uphold. There are a wide variety of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures forms of art and literature. One exampleRead More Chinese Culture vs. American Culture in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club692 Words   |  3 PagesChinese Culture vs. American Culture in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club An authors cultural background can play a large part in the authors writing. Amy Tan, a Chinese-American woman, uses the cultural values of Chinese women in American culture in her novel, The Joy Luck Club. These cultural values shape the outcome of The Joy Luck Club. The two cultural value systems create conflict between the characters. In The Joy Luck Club, the chapter Waiting Between the Trees illustrates major concernsRead MoreA Comparative Study of Family Values Between China and America960 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues are the reflections of distinguishing cultures in different countries. In order to get the better understanding of different family cultures between China and Americaï ¼Å' it is necessary to make a comparison between Chinese and American family values. 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The Universalist, or rule-based, approach is roughly: What is good and right can be defined and ALWAYS applies. In particularistic cultures, far greater attention is given to the obligations of relationships and unique circumstances. Universalism vs. Particularism indicates how a society applies rules of moralsRead MoreThe Constant Conflict Between Chinese Culture And American Culture1544 Words   |  7 PagesConflict between the Chinese Culture and American Culture Cities, towns, and, more generally, places, are living organisms. Similar to those living within and outside it, a city interacts with other living beings, creating change and taking change. The symbiosis between the places and those within the place can be mutualistic or parasitic, beneficial to both or harmful to one. The early 1900s were characterized by millions of people flocking to America to live the so-called American Dream. However,Read MoreComparative And Normative Function As A Standard Of Behavior1617 Words   |  7 Pagesto converge. This experiment demonstrates how people will look towards others for guidance in ambiguous situations. Furthermore, the perceived consensus subsequently became internalized. Zou et al apply this understanding of perceived consensus to culture by arguing that perceptions of knowledge construct what we colloquially refer to as â€Å"common sense†. Communications research also guide Zou et al’s paradigm of perceived consensus by arguing how in-group discourse biases shared knowledge. As cited

The Tried and True Method for Social Issue Research Topics in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Social Issue Research Topics in Step by Step Detail A great research paper always starts with a great topic. Research papers are trying, but in addition they have the capability to be somewhat rewarding. In the last year of college, research paper topics need to be more specific and the research ought to be in-depth. In addition, you can observe unique topics for your research paper on the website! Young writers may try simple on-line citation generators which are generally at no cost. The social research is a powerful method. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. Grow a productive research strategy now. Top Social Issue Research Topics Choices In addition, your school might ask that you present and earn permission from an institutional review board. Everybody knows that writing is hard. In the event the research credits are necessary for graduation, they have to be completed before commencement. Make certain you can form a great hypothesis on the subject you're selecting and you must decide on a topic that has sufficient content easily available and accessible via online forums. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. To select a topic from general psychology, you should pick any topic you prefer and then begin narrowing it down. For some students, a choice of topic is the easiest part. Want to Know More About Social Issue Research Topics? The success of a research paper mostly is contingent on the topic, which is why many of time is spent searching for the correct research paper topics for college students. The majority of people have bad impressions as soon as it regards the term research paper. In the event you require an original academic work, don't hesitate to use our writing services. If you pick a concept that's too broad, you will remain on the surface without touching the main point whatsoever. You can concentrate on the effects of the subsequent topics on the nature and development of a kid, adult or elderly. In the event the initial care provided isn't successful a nurse must develop a different plan of action. The dearth of excellent support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. A fantastic lots of the mentally ill feel as if their disease is just a little annoyance, and they aren't truly ill. If you have to write only a single paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out since you are blessed. Finding research paper topics on the net is relatively straightforward and your search should yield a range of ideas. When you have choose a topic, the next thing to do is to make an outline. Without a suitable content, superior research paper topics are not going to make sense. In order to enhance the economy and prevent poverty, people had to support technological improvement. Social psychologists have discovered that attractiveness can produce what is called a halo effect. Development psychology is cen tered on the lifespan of human beings, so you've got numerous topics to select from. Generations How four distinct generations at work can do the job together. The Success Center has produced a webinar that will help you as soon as you're constructing your argumentative thesis statement. Research writing will continue being part of their typical learning curriculum, and it's something they must succeed. Technology is potentially the most renowned topic to speak about today. Inside this post, you are going to find psychology research paper topics you are able to utilize to practice or to compose your papers in the event the professor allowed you to select the subject by yourself. It's possible to find more information regarding students' term papers here. The students will delight in making their research besides dreading it. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. A Secret Weapon for Social Issue Research Topics The second thing you ought to take care of once you choose the title is to maintain in mind five varieties of argument claims. Besides the simple fact that it's extensive and tedious to prepare, writing about a topic of which they don't have a notion is very hard, and at times, exasperating. You're in the proper place! Work your way by means of a reading list. Top Social Issue Research Topics Secrets All concepts promote the investigation of social transformations. As you work towards the research design, you will see new facets of the study and could have to revise the topic according to the new knowledge which you've gained. Before you opt to tackle a project for your social psychology class, there are a couple of critical things you want to think about. In different fields of science, the variables are often harder to determine and an experiment demands a robust design.

Videogames vs Boardgames Free Essays

Now a days, if you ask any children, teenagers, and even young adults about what they prefer between videogames and board games, about ninety-two percent will answer videogames without hesitation. I definitively belong to the majority of teenagers who will prefer a videogame over a board game. But if you ask me what I really believe is best option for your children, Ill have no other choice but to answer board games. We will write a custom essay sample on Videogames vs Boardgames or any similar topic only for you Order Now It seems that very quickly board games are becoming a thing of the past. More and more parents are choosing to purchase video games for their children instead of board games. Even the board games industries are trying to add some technological features to their games, hoping that it can make clients more interested in the product. What most of the parents don’t know, is the damage they are doing to their kids by buying them videogames. The consequences for using videogames are many, and even though they have some benefits of their own, for example they can help you focus by working with the left side of the brain (in case you are right handed), or with the right side if you are left handed. But even though, they are not worth the damage. And even if you think it is worth it, board games also provide you that benefit, without collateral damage. Another reason why you shouldn’t buy videogames to your children is because you are enforcing them to isolate from the rest of the society. Do you think staying home playing video games instead of exercising or spending healthy time with friends and family is good for your children? It is NOT good; it is only making them live in an inexistent world, where they look just the way they want. A world full of violence, an inappropriate stuff; because a fact is that 60% of middle school boys have at least one Mature-rated game. And actually I believe most of the parents know that video games are not good, but they still prefer to use the easy way to keep they’re children silent and entertained at the same time. Don’t you think this is enough proof? Well now I? ll tell you why board games are the perfect alternative. They make your children THINK; do things the hard way by themselves. Maybe they are not going to be as quiet as they were with video games, but it is just because they are not isolating themselves anymore, the board game is going to force them to communicate with other people; make them more sociable. Without mentioning that it is cheaper and easier to move to other places. So now think twice before you buy a new Wii, or a new Nintendo for your 9-year-old boy. Think of the long-term consequences, instead of what is easier for you. Is it worth to make a violent boy who learns from what he sees just because you were too lazy? It is not, remember parents are supposed to be the responsible adults who make the right decision to raise their children, not the ones that will buy their children anything just so they don’t bother you anymore. How to cite Videogames vs Boardgames, Papers

The poor of Victorian England Essay Example For Students

The poor of Victorian England Essay Ebenezer Scrooge: Man of the people. Show how Dickens uses the character of scrooge to influence his readers attitudes to the poor of Victorian England.  Charles Dickens was a superb and skilful storyteller; he was one of the most successful and famous Victorian novelist. He wanted to change the conditions that young worked in, he worked hard to try and change it. He was a great social campaigner. Dickens was generally concerned with poor people and particularly the young children after he had visited the Ragged Schools in 1843. He was appalled and extremely shocked by the conditions that these young poor children live in. One of his main aims in life was to try and influence the people who read his books through the power of fiction. He wants his readers to care about these people who live in these conditions, he wanted them to act charitable. We will write a custom essay on The poor of Victorian England specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Scrooge, Dickens creates an ugly character. A miser, hard-hearted man. A character thats stands for money and greed. He creates the character, firstly through description and imagery. Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out a fire. This quotation shows that Scrooge is hard in business and very focused but does not give anything away. No one can make him spark. His appearance is affected by his cold nature. No warmth could warm him, nor wintry weather chill him. The quotation means that nothing affects him, no matter how good or bad things are. He unchangeable. Dickens introduces 3 characters to show scrooges shortcomings as an employer, relation and citizen. He is shown as a bad employer for scrooge kept the coal-box in his own room. Scrooge didnt give anything-away not even coal to keep his workers warm. The working conditions were terrible the clerks fire was so very much smaller that it looked like one coal. Scrooge wouldnt give his workers Christmas day off, he says its not convenient, and its not fair. If I was to stop half a crown, youd think yourself ill-used, ill be bound. This shows that scrooge is a bad employer and cold at heart, but as there would be no other people to do business with and the fact that he didnt want to waste money on useless coal. Scrooge infrequently showed some kindness and he gave them the day off but told they had better be there all the earlier next morning.  Scrooge lacks family values and the Christmas spirit, to emphasize his meanness he is placed in contrast with his nephew. Scrooge is extremely different to his nephew, Fred is jolly and is enlightened with the joys of Christmas, a good time: a kind time, a forgiving, charitable and pleasant time. This is the only time of the year were his nephew may

Biography of Jan Hus, Religious Reformer and Martyr

Biography of Jan Hus, Religious Reformer and Martyr A century before Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Roman Catholic Church, Czech pastor and church reformer Jan Hus pointed out the same problems. The Church labeled Hus a heretic and burned him at the stake. But Hus complaints would not die with him. Instead, they sparked a wildfire of protest that roared across Europe, changing Christianity forever. Early Life and Career The birth of Jan Hus around 1370 was of little notice in the southern Bohemian town of Husinec. His parents were peasants, and as an adult, he shortened his surname from Husinec to Hus. By 1394, Hus had earned a bachelors degree at the University of Prague. Two years later he added a masters and became an instructor at the university. A struggle at the university pitted the German masters, who opposed church reform, against the Czech masters, who admired the writings of John Wycliffe (1330 - 1384), an English reformer who translated the gospels into English. Wycliffes writings found their way into Prague about 1401, worsening the split between the Germans and Czechs. Hus Discovers Wycliffe Hus found himself agreeing with many of the points Wycliffe had raised. For example, Wycliffe considered Scripture to be the supreme authority, not the pope. He also opposed the sale of indulgences, Church documents which supposedly shortened or terminated a souls stay in purgatory. Wycliffes belief in trusting in Christ alone for salvation, rather than good works or obeying church rules, later became a cornerstone of the Reformation. Hus also agreed with Wycliffes plea for restraining clergy, who had become powerful landowners in Bohemia. Hus denounced the sin of simony, the practice of using a church position to profit from selling pardons or church appointments.   Church and Politics Needless to say, Hus positions were not popular with the local bishops and the pope. In 1403, Johann Hubner, one of the anti-reform German masters at the university, drew up a list of 45 of Wycliffes articles and condemned them as heresy. Besides the upheaval caused by the fledgling reform movement, this was a period of chaos in the Roman Catholic Church. There were two popes, Gregory XII and Benedict XIII, and a later election resulted in a third, Alexander V. Archbishop Zbynek Zajic of Bohemia, initially a supporter of Hus, turned against him and bribed Pope Alexander V to prohibit preaching in private chapels. Hus preached in Bethlehem Chapel in Prague. When Hus refused to follow the popes order, Archbishop Zbynek excommunicated him. Still, Hus continued to preach and teach at the university. Once more, the matter of indulgences came up when Alexanders successor, Pope John XXIII, sold them in Bohemia to raise money. Hus again condemned the practice, but that did not sit well with King Vaclav IV of Bohemia, who received a share from indulgence sales. Without Vaclavs support, Hus was excommunicated by the Roman curia. A church interdict was placed on Prague in 1412, which meant Catholics could not receive sacraments or be buried in church cemeteries. To spare the city, Hus fled to southern Bohemia, where he stayed in exile at the castles of friends. Hus Writes Feverishly In an attempt to answer charges against him, Hus wrote a lengthy book titled The Church (de Ecclesia) in which he asserted that Jesus Christ, not the pope, is the head of the church. Hus stated that Christ is the Rock upon which the church is built, not Peter. While Hus declared Catholics were obligated to obey the church when its laws were based on Scripture, he said they had no duty to obey when humanmade rules could not be supported by the Bible. In his book On Simony, Hus attacked the common practice of simony, rampant in the 15th century. Affluent parents bought high church positions for their sons, most of whom showed little interest in the gospel. That led to a string of lazy, corrupt church leaders. During that period Hus also penned a long series of letters to everyone from personal friends to the people of Prague to cardinals and the pope. Much of what is known about him comes from those documents. His other works explained the Ten Commandments, the Apostles Creed, and the Lords Prayer. Of course, many of Hus positions undercut church authority, a stance that further alienated him from the local archbishop and Rome. Hus was dangerously unaware of just how much he was hated by church officials. Betrayal and Execution In 1414, a naive Jan Hus traveled to a church conference in Constance, Germany, believing he would have the chance to defend himself before a group of church fathers gathered to discuss the situation of three sitting popes. Hus was promised safe passage there and back by King Sigismund of Hungary, Vaclavs half-brother, but when Hus arrived, he was arrested and thrown in prison. Located next to the latrines, Hus unsanitary cell stunk. The reformer grew so ill that treatment by the popes doctor and relocation to another cell were needed to keep Hus alive. When Hus finally appeared before the council, the loathing against him was overwhelming. Sigismund, caving to political pressure, secretly withdrew his vow of protection. The council concocted 30 false articles they said Hus taught, including that he was the fourth person of the Godhead. Every time Hus tried to defend himself, he was shouted down. On July 6, 1415, Hus was dressed in priestly vestments then ceremonially defrocked. He refused to recant his beliefs. Dragged to the place of execution, he was bound to the stake with a chain around his neck. Men piled wood up to his chin. Given one last chance to recant, Hus proclaimed his innocence. As the fire overtook him, Hus could be heard singing, Jesus, son of the living God, have mercy on me. Reformation Legacy Hus impact on later reformers was immense. In 1520, Martin Luther confessed, I have taught and held all the teachings of Jan Hus, but thus far did I not know it . . . In short, we are all Hussites and did not know it. Most mainstays of Protestant theology can be traced to Hus: Christ alone as head of the church, strict adherence to the Bible, all worship readings and sermons in the local language, reception of both wine and bread in communion, daily Bible reading by Christians, and the danger of temptations in culture. As a Catholic priest, Hus never advocated breaking from the church. Instead, he called for change, for reforming the corrupt bureaucracy of the church and returning to the nonpolitical norms of early Christianity. The system called his appeals heresy.   Jan Hus Fast Facts Full Name: Jan Hus  Also Known As: John Huss, Johann Huss  Occupation: Priest, theologian, teacher   Born: Between 1369 and 1372 in Husinec, Czech RepublicDied: July 6, 1415, in Constance, GermanyEducation: University of PraguePublished Works: The Church, On Simony, lettersKey Accomplishments: Inspired church reformers like Martin LutherFamous quote: In life eternal, there is perfect joy and light, without pain or torture, and there is communion with God Himself and His angels. Sources Christian History Institute.  To Build a Fire. https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/to-build-a-fire.Reformation 500. Jan Hus. https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/jan-hus/.C.S. Lewis Institute. The Legacy of John Hus. cslewisinstitute.org/The_Legacy_of_John_Hus_FullArticle.Online Library of Liberty. Jan Huss,  The Church  [1411]. http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/huss-the-church.Christianity Today, Christian History. John Huss, Pre-Reformation Reformer. https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/martyrs/john-huss.html.Encyclopedia Britannica. Han Hus, Bohemian Religious Leader. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Hus.The Famous People. 18 Thought-Provoking Quotes By John Huss That Prove Hope Springs Eternal. https://quotes.thefamouspeople.com/john-huss-87.php

A Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution

A Timeline of the Agricultural Revolution Between the eighth century and the eighteenth, the tools of farming basically stayed the same and few advancements in technology were made. This meant that the farmers of George Washingtons day had no better tools than the farmers of Julius Caesars day.  In fact, early Roman plows were superior to those in general use in America eighteen centuries later. All that changed in the 18th century with the agricultural revolution, a period of agricultural development that  saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural productivity and vast improvements in farm technology. Listed below are many of the inventions that were created or greatly improved during the agricultural revolution. Plow and Moldboard By definition, a plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cut a furrow or small ditch for sowing seeds. A moldboard is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow. Seed Drills Before drills were invented, seeding was done by hand. The basic idea of drills for seeding small grains was successfully developed in Great Britain, and many British drills were sold in the United States before one was manufactured in the States. American manufacture of these drills began about 1840. Seed planters for corn came somewhat later, as machines to plant wheat successfully were unsuited for corn planting. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented his seed drill and is perhaps the best-known inventor of a mechanical planter. Machines That Harvest By definition, a sickle is a curved, hand-held agricultural tool used for harvesting grain crops. Horse-drawn mechanical reapers later replaced sickles for harvesting grains. Reapers  were then replaced by the reaper-binder (cuts the grain and binds it in sheaves) and in turn, was replaced by the swather before being replaced by the combine harvester. A combine harvester is a machine that heads, threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field. The Rise of the Textile Industry The  cotton gin  had turned the whole South toward the cultivation of cotton. While the South was not manufacturing any considerable proportion of the cotton it grew, the textile industry was flourishing in the North. A whole series of machines similar to those used in Great Britain had been invented in America and mills paid higher wages than in Britain. Production was also far ahead of the British mills  in proportion to hands employed, which meant the U.S. was ahead of the rest of the world. Wages in America Take-home pay, measured by the world standard, was high. Additionally, there was a good supply of free land or land that was practically free. Wages were high enough that many could save enough to buy their own land. Workers in textile mills often worked only a few years to save money, buy a farm or to enter some business or profession. Advances in Transportation Lines The  steamboat and the  railroad  enabled transportation to the West. While steamboats traveled all the larger rivers and the lakes, the railroad was growing rapidly. Its lines had extended to more than 30 thousand miles. Construction also went on during the war, and the transcontinental railway was in sight. The locomotive had approached standardization and the American railway was now comfortable for passengers with the invention of  Pullman sleeping cars, the dining cars, and the automatic air brake developed by  George Westinghouse.